The American Revolution The Revolutionary War And The...

The American Revolution is one of the most lauded and celebrated periods in the history of the United States. People revere the patriotic unity and radical changes employed by the Revolutionary War and the original Constitution. But while the formation of a new nation was radical in and of itself, the Founding Fathers warned against viewing the time as a perfect, golden age. They believed that true change would only manifest in the generations to come. The American Revolution led to fundamental societal changes in the future, but its short term effects, from 1775 to 1800, including governmental changes, like the distribution of power, economic changes, like the distribution of wealth and status, and societal changes, like equality of the sexes and races, were not as radically new—and different from Britain’s—as many Americans believe. It is hard to dispute that the Revolution fundamentally changed the government of the colonists. 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How Social Reformers Influenced Edward Bellamy, Henry...

How did social reformers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and the Knights of Labor conceive of liberty and freedom differently than the proponents of the liberty of contract and laissez-faire like Herbert Spencer and Andrew Carnegie? Which of these groups was successful in imposing their vision on the larger society in the years before the turn of the century? Why? Introduction Liberty and freedom was conceived differently by the social reformers and the proponents of the liberty of contract and laissez-faire. The difference actually emanated in the manner in which the two groups interpreted the suitability of the operation of the economy. While the economy can operate on the basis of capitalism where individualism and private property are the basis of creating wealth, it can also operate on the basis of collectivity, where communism and pooling of the labor and output together forms the basis of wealth accumulation for the society. In this respect, the social reformers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and the Knights of Labor conceived the freedom and liberty to entail the rights of the laborers to earn better wages, work for a few hours and have a legal tender mechanism from the government that was not under the control of the banks . On the other hand, the proponents of the liberty of contract and laissez-faire like Herbert Spencer and Andrew Carneg ie conceived the liberty and freedom to entail individualism and private property ownership as the basis of

Levels Of Stress And Coping Strategies Among Arts Streams,...

Investigating the Levels of Stress and Coping Strategies Among Arts Stream, Male and Female University Students of Peradeniya Buddhiprabha. D. D. Pathirana, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Department of Philosophy Psychology, University of Peradeniya Author Note Correspondence concerning this paper should be directed to Dr. Buddhiprabha D.D.Pathirana, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, at buddhiprabha2001@yahoo.com or buddhiprabha@pdn.ac.lk Investigating the Levels of Stress and Coping Strategies Among Arts Stream, Male and Female University Students of Peradeniya Abstract Individuals will experience stress in accordance with their subjective appraisals of the stressor. University students often complain about the stress they experience and endure during their academic life. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the nature and intensity of the events which created stress, and levels of stress experienced by the male and female arts stream students in the University of Peradeniya. Participants were 162 (97 female and 65 male) undergraduate students in the Faculty of Arts. Levels of stress were measured by administering the Impact of Event Scale (IES), which measures subjective distress related to stressful life events. For the study Sinhalese version of the original IES developed by Mardi Horowitz (Horowitz, 1979), was used. The independent sample t-test conducted to compare the type of the stressful events listed (Related to studies Vs not),

Investment Appraisal tools and techniques are used by many

Essays on Investment Appraisal tools and techniques are used by many organizations in the private and public sectors . Critically evaluate the differences and similarities in their use in both the private and public sectors Essay Investment Tools and Techniques An investment appraisal is the activity of calculating the effect of a problem, change or an incident on a business process. It involves assessing the viability of a given project and justifying the expenditure of the capital allocated to that project. There are various investment appraisal techniques used in the public and private sectors. They include the payback method, the average rate of return method and the net present value method. These are used by many organizations in the public and private sectors (Gotze, 2010, p. 9). The payback method is usually preferred by small businesses due to its simplicity. The payback period can be defined as the time taken for the machinery or equipment to generate sufficient net cash flow to pay for its costs. The average rate of return technique involves taking the total yield of an asset over its whole life into account. The net present value method involves taking into account the size of the inflow cash over the life of equipment, but it also makes adjustments for the timing of the cash (Erickson, 2013, p. 23). In view of these, an investment appraisal is done to determine whether an investment is worthwhile or not. Generally, businesses invest to increase their profits by making certain changes or improvements. These may include improving their operations, matching supply to demand, reducing manufacturing costs and increasing productivity and or efficiency in operations. This is common in both the public and private sectors. However, it is different for non-profit making organizations whose incentive to invest is driven by the need to improve efficiency, effectiveness and the economy of the organization. This provides value for money (Lumby, 1998, p. 31). There are some key considerations that are looked into by firms before investing. These considerations are what determines the differences between the public and private sectors. These considerations include the simplicity required, the degree of accuracy required, and the extent to which future cash flows can be measured accurately. They also consider the extent to which future interest rates can be factored in, and the necessity of factoring in the effects of inflation (Langdon, 2002, p.27). The public and private sectors consider the simplicity required due to the implementation of the project. However, the public sector is different in that they have more capital base as compared to the private sector. The public sector mostly relies on tax paid therefore they have a continuous flow of cash. On the other hand, the private sector has limited capital and so they have to factor in the simplicity in terms of implementation and cash flow. The degree of accuracy required is both in the public and private sectors. This is because most of the investments require a high degree of accuracy to ensure that the expected returns are gained (Dayananda, 2002, p. 25). Since most business investments require huge sums of cash, it is important to know the facts related to an investment and the risks involved. These require a high degree of accuracy to ensure that the returns on the investment are worthwhile. Another consideration is the extent to which future cash flows can be measured accurately. It is important for both the public and the private sectors to make investments that are sure to bring in cash that can be foreseen. This is because the organizations need to be aware of whether the investment will lead to their continued operation and even improvement, or closure due to lack of funds (Bacon, 2010, p.33). Extent to which future cash flows can be measured accurately is also important for budgeting. The public and private sectors make a budget for future income and expenses. This will enable them know which area needs cost cutting and which area needs more attention in, due to its ability to bring in more cash. It will also enable them make prior arrangements regarding their expected supply and services offered. This is common in both sectors since they both need to continue running in an efficient way and make profits (Arnold, 2008, p. 27). Another key consideration is future interest rates and inflation. Most businesses require some form of lending at some point. Most of their lending comes from financial institutions like banks. If they make an investment using cash borrowed from financial institutions, they attract an interest rate. This rates change from time to time and so they need to be factored in. This is because it affects the cash flow and if wrongly predicted, might lead to financial strains. However, this applies mostly to the private sector. This is because the public sector has an assured cash flow and can increase it at any time in various ways including increase of taxes. Inflation is also a key consideration by both sectors because they are both affected in the same way (Ross, 2009, p. 36). In conclusion, both sectors face common issues, only that the public sector has a higher advantage in others. This is because the public sector has access to a higher amount for investing and the private sector has limited. The public sector also plays a huge role in business trends therefore putting the private sector in check. This is based on the reason that there are some investments that can only be undertaken by the public sector through government projects. It enables for equality in provision of services that require a huge capital to invest in (Pike, H.U. 2008, p. 29). References Arnold, G. 2008. Corporate Financial Management: Includes Myfinancelab. 4th Edition. Financial Times Management. Bacon, F. 2010. Corporate Financial Management. Copley Custom Textbooks. Dayananda, D. 2002. Capital Budgeting: Financial Appraisal of Investment Projects. Cambridge University Press. Erickson, K. H. 2013. Investent Appraisal: Simple Introduction. Kindle Edition. Amazon Digital Services. Gotze, U. 2010, Investment Appraisal: Methods and Models. 1st Edition. Springer Langdon, K. 2002. Investment Appraisal: Finance. 1 Edition. Capston. Lumby, S. 1998. Investment Appraisal and Financial Decisions. 6 Edition. Cengage Learning Business Press. Pike, R. 2008. Corporate Finance and Investment: Decisions and Strategies + My Finance Lab. Financial Times Management. Ross, S. 2009. Corporate Finance. 9 Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Financial Reporting Analysis Woolworths Limited Free Solution

Question: Describe about the financial statement with the help of ratio analysis of Woolworths Limited? Answer: Executive Summary The ratio analysis is a mechanism to determine the financial position of a company. In this case, a company named Woolworths Limited has been selected for the study of its financial statement with the help of ratio analysis. Different ratios have been computed and the economic situation of the company has been determined. The overall group profit of the company has been increased as per the financial statement, but there are cases from which it could be inferred that the performance of the company is still suffering from some major drawbacks like liquidity and solvency issues, as the current assets of the company is lesser than the current liabilities. The market based ratios whereas project a better earning capacity of the company by having increased dividends as well as earnings from the last financial year 2012-13. However, a diminishing financial efficiency has been observed while computing the efficiency ratios. A growing operation of the company also have some constraints relating to internal control for which they are negotiating with the performance capability, they are addressed to be improved so that the risks relating to financial and operational efficiency could be mitigated, otherwise it would increase the cost of productions in future days. Introduction The financial statement of a company concisely projects the financial position of the company. The shareholders or a third party get through to the economic and financial position of the company through the published financial reports. Financial Statements of a company consists of Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement of a particular financial year. Financial Statement Analysis is a tool to improve the business, the profit making ability of the company. While analyzing the financial statements of a company, more importantly balance sheet items like Cash, Accounts Receivable, Inventories, Loans and Liabilities and Profit and loss account items like Net profit from operations, Earnings per share etc are considered. There are several practices for analyzing the financial statement of a company, by determining Common Size Statements, Financial Ratios of a company that can be done.(Bajkowski, 1999)(Rogers) Background The name of the company under our discussion is Woolworths Limited. The annual financial statement for the financial years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 is considered for our discussion. The company does business in food, liquor, petrol, chain of departmental stores, hotels. The financial statement which is considered for analysis is the consolidated financial statement for the financial years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. In the financial year 2013-14 the company has extended its business operation but has kept its traditional policies as well. Analysis of Companys Operation and Performance Some changes in the financial year 2013-14 includes, that there is no profit from discontinuing operation is the year as compared to financial year 2012-13. In all cases (whether basic or diluted earnings per share, whether from continuing or discontinuing operation, the same has been increased in 2013-14 than the last year. The company has widened its operation, which is evident from the revenue from sale of goods which has been increased by 3.86% in the financial year 2013-14. Receipts from tenants have been decreased than the previous year indicates either removal of some tenants or the tenancy period has been lapsed. The interest received amount has been decreased by 55.86%, which is quite a negative attribute to the business although the cash flow from operation grossly has been increased. The company has unfolded a better leadership approach to integrate the food, liquor industry, and streamlining all processes for the benefit of the customers. The company also proposed a divestment amounting to $600 million on the portfolio of freehold sites of the hotels in order to benefit the shareholders. The business of departmental stores, extension and changes in BIG W business has not come out profitably in the financial year 2013-14. As the revenue from operations increased or sales revenue increased the cost relating to such revenue has also been increased. An increase in the earnings before interest and tax is an example of strong performance in the current year as compared to the last year; the same has also been increased by 5.3%. Increase in the sales also denotes a strong market growth from the previous year. The sale of food, liquor increased by 4.7% and petrol also increased by 6%, but the price of the petrol was not reduced; it was 142.4 cpl in the year 2012-13 and became 151.1 cpl in FY 2013-14. Woolworths Limited is also associated with online retailing, the performance of the same does also follow an increasing trend in the current year, the company has concentrated on the development of the retail marketing through online system and for that a number of changes have been made which shall be comfortable and beneficial to the customers. The performance of the company has also been developed by institutionalizing new and innovative ideas into the process, for example the brands or products on which customers are more inclined towards, and they continued to produce those articles most. Rebranding of the sites of business has taken place to satisfy and benefit the customers needs. There are more proposals they are interested to undertake to benefit the farmers of the society. More places and business sites have opened for allocation of services amongst several cities of Australia. Evaluation of Companys performance with the help of ratio analysis: Profitability Analysis Profitability Analysis includes analysis through ratios. There have been annexed a file named Annexure and in the sheet name Profitability Analysis, we have computed a number of profitability ratios which includes Gross Profit Ratios or Gross Margin, Net Profit Ratios ( which includes EBITDAR ratios, EBIT ratios and net profit ratio considering the profit available to equity shareholders of Woolworths Limited). Gross profit margin is the ratio consisting of total sales less the cost of sales to revenue from such sale. From this ratio it is evident to what extent the company would fetch by utilizing its resources like material and labour to the optimum. The gross profit margin over here has been increased from 26.94 to 27.11, which indicates an increase in the efficiency, with the higher rate of gross profit margin, the control in the cost (which is needed to incur) of production is expressed. The same has been reflected over here as well. (Robins, 2000) Net margin includes analysis of EBITDAR, EBIT, as well as another profit margin. EBITDAR margin stands for Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, rent to net sales revenue is not a computation which has been prescribed by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The analysis is done by the company to reflect the internal framework for its own benefit or analysis. This ratio is beneficial to shareholders or investors or any third party who are interested to invest in the company. EBIT margin stands for Earnings before interest and tax to net sales revenue, this is also not notified by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principle, these ratios are useful for the credit rating agencies to analyze the internal system of a company. In this scenario, in the profit and loss weeks, EBIT margin has been decreased to 6.21 whereas it was 6.24 in the 53rd week or in 2013. The same reflects a diminishing financial efficiency. EBITDAR margin has been increased to 10.98 whereas it was 10.91 in the 53rd week or in 2013. This in turn reflects operational efficiency has been increased or upgraded. Profit available to equity shareholder has been taken into account while calculating Profit margin in the same annexure file same sheet as mentioned above. The same has been increased from 3.86 to 4.03 indicating the proper allocation of resources and earning power of the entity, the amount considers the equity shareholder after considering payment to other parties (other than equity shareholders). (Bajkowski, EBT, EBIT, EBITDA: Will the Real Earnings Figure Please Stand Up?) Du Pont Analysis: Du Pont Analysis includes four ratios which are, Net profit margin, asset turnover ratio, financial leverage and Return on Equity, it is a ratio which basically describes the shareholders net worth but also is a mean to analyze the profitability of a company. The asset turnover ratio is calculated by considering total sales which is divided by the average of opening and closing asset amount in both financial years 2013 and 2014. This ratio indicates how well the total assets in the business is used or allocated among several projects. A decrease in the rate indicates there is still room for improvement in the utilization of assets. Financial Leverage of a company generally indicates whether the company is prone to bankruptcy or not, it may sometimes lead to increased shareholders return. The more the ratio the more the company is leading to bankruptcy. In this case, the same is reduced in the present financial statement. Du Pont analysis gives in detail which part o f the business is not performing well. In the background of the example as well, there were food and liquor division which was performing better than the BIG W business. Return on equity indicates the net income of the equity shareholders from investing in the company.(Thomas J. Liesz, 2008) Efficiency Analysis Efficiency analysis and profitability analysis stands conjointly as they both explain how well the company is performing financially considering its assets, capital, inventories subsisting in the business. There have been annexed a file named Annexure and in the sheet name Efficiency ratios, we have computed a number of efficiency ratios. Accounts Receivable Turnover has been computed considering the cost of goods sold and not the total sales. The same has been decreased over the year. It is a measure from which the number of times in a year the debtors or receivable could be liquidated can be determined. For this reason it can be a measure for efficiency of the company as well the liquidity of the company. Working Capital Ratio can also be called as current ratio, Current ratio stands for Current Assets in total divided by the total current liability. The ratio is also a measure for solvency or liquidity of a company. Working Capital ratio indicates how quick the current liabilities will be converted into current assets; the same has been decreased to 0.91 from 0.95. The optimum working capital ratio is 1, the ratio less than that indicates that the company is not ready to pay off its debts with the current assets available. (B Bagchi, 2012) Asset turnover ratio is also a determinant of companys efficiency as it determines the ability of the company to employ its assets or utilize its assets optimally to create sales. The asset turnover ratio has been decreased over the year in this company, indicates a lower level of utilization of assets that the FY 2013. Inventory turnover ratio is calculated when cost of goods sold is divided by the average inventory (average of opening and closing inventory). This is a measure of companys efficiency which reflects how well the company can utilize its commodities to fetch a higher return. It also helps the third party or investors to check how liquid the companys inventory is, in this case inventory turnover has been fallen over the year, indicates a fall in the companys efficiency to convert its inventory into cash quickly. Short Term Solvency Analysis Short term solvency of a company means the position of the companys assets to meet its short term loans or any short term obligations. This can be illustrated with the help of Current Ratio. Current Ratio has been computed before, which includes short term as well as long term assets and liabilities. This ratio considers how quickly the short term obligations of the company could be converted into liquid or how easily the company meets its short term obligations. The short term obligation for FY 14 is $219.5 m. Long Term Solvency Analysis Long term solvency ratio measures the position of the company to meet its long term obligations. In this case, the long term obligations of the company for FY 14 are $4136.0 m. From the annual report published for the year 2013-14, it was observed that the company has employed some framework to mitigate the liquidity risk, as it suffers from low level of efficiency as found in the computation of current ratio. (Qasim Saleem, 2011) Market Based Ratios Market based ratios are earning per share, dividend yield ratio, dividend payout ratios, price cash flow ratio. The market based ratios have been computed in the file named Annexure under the Market based ratios sheet. Earnings per share of the company have been increased from financial year 2013 to financial year 2014. It is a measure of companys position in the market, investors reply on the companys earnings per share for decision making purposes. It is also a determinant of companys profitability, as earning is dependent on the profit of the company. The earning that is considered in this calculation is the earning which is available for equity shareholders of the company. Price earnings ratio is another market based ratio which is used to evaluate the position of firms stock. Again, it is helpful to the investors and it shows as if the stock is going to earn a reasonable return in future. A lower Price earnings ratio is good for the investment decision.(Gupta, 2010) Dividend yield ratio also enables a shareholder to decide to invest in the stocks of a particular company. It also helps to decide whether to continue with the present stock or not. It is a measure of return to the investor. In this company the dividend yield in FY 26.03% and has increased from the last year. Price to operating cash flow ratio considers market capitalization to the companys operating cash flow. This ratio indicates the value of the company from the point of view of equity. The operating cash flow from the Cash flow statement has been considered, depreciation and non cash expenses are added back to net income for arriving at cash flows from operations. In this company, the price to operating cash flow ratio has been decreased over the years.(Pinkasovitch) The company is suffering from efficiency problems which they have tried to mitigate by undertaking several frameworks as explained in the annual report. Long term and Short term assets could not be segregated so that different ratios relating to long term as well as short term solvency could be done. The companys position in respect of certain ratios have considered in the above. However, a ratio analysis does not always reflect the true picture of the company as it only considers financial data and does not consider qualitative information. (tsy123, 2005) Recommendations for improvement: The company needs to consider the strengthening of debts in order to mitigate the risks of bankruptcy. There should be a strong internal control for regulation of debts and long term obligations. There should be some policies to curb the counter party risks involved in the company. Policies and regulations should be properly implemented so that no clash of sentiments and ego involves for maintaining the same. In the Consolidated financial statement there are non availability of details of account heads in some cases, for example bifurcation of short term and long term current assets were not found, due care is to be taken in this regard. No segregation of cash and credit sales were disclosed in the financial statement. The company has increased its operation in the financial year 2013-14, a more improved financial control and regulatory issues will be required. Bibliography B Bagchi, B. K. (2012). Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability: A Study of Selected FMCG Companies in India. Business and Economic Journal , 3-5. Bajkowski, J. (n.d.). EBT, EBIT, EBITDA: Will the Real Earnings Figure Please Stand Up? AAII , 1-4. Bajkowski, J. (1999). Financial statement analysis: a look at the balance sheet. aaii , 1-3. Gupta, A. (2010). How P/E ratio is used to pick stocks? The Economic Times , 1. Pinkasovitch, A. (n.d.). Analyzing The Price-To-Cash-Flow Ratio. Investopedia , 1. Qasim Saleem, R. U. (2011). Impacts of liquidity ratios on profitability. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business , 1. Robins, M. W. (2000). Fundamental analysis: a closer look at gross margins. Aaii , 3-4. Rogers, C. (n.d.). Financial Analysis. Ezinemark , 1. Thomas J. Liesz, S. J. ( 2008). Ratio Analysis Featuring The Dupont Method: An Overlooked Topic In The Finance Module Ofsmall Business Management And Entrepreneurship Courses. Small Business Institute Journal , 21-26. tsy123. (2005). Journal on Financial Ratio Analysis. Journal on Financial Ratio Analysis. StudyMode.com , 10.

Importance for Standing Up for Your Beliefs free essay sample

There are many ways on how to take on your own beliefs leave them to the side or show them with pride. There are many people who are afraid to be out of the ordinary from the people around them, but without your beliefs you are not being yourself. Like my mom always told me only the truth survives in the end. When I was in middle school I was the new kid and I felt this was my opportunity to be someone who people want to talk to, someone who is seen as a cool kid. I was approached by a group of kids and they asked me if I wanted to sit with them in lunch and I being â€Å"cool† told them that I would think about it. During lunch I had nowhere else to sit so I sat with the kids who had asked me to sit with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance for Standing Up for Your Beliefs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As I sat down they started to introduce themselves to me there names where Ruben, Mike, Anthony and Steven. They asked me if I liked video games and I said that I did and that’s all they talked about the whole time during lunch. When lunch was over they said I should sit with them every day during lunch and I had to say yes I mean who else could I sit with. After school I was waiting for my mom and I see the group of kids again coming towards me. When they approached me Mike asked me if I wanted to hang out behind the school and I said yes because I felt they were my friends. Behind the school Mike asked me if I had ever smoked before and I said â€Å"I hate smokers†, he immediately said â€Å"so you hate us, huh †. I told him that if they smoked then I would hate them because one of my uncles passed away of cancer because of second hand smoke. He punched me in the face and I fell to the ground head first, I just felt the agony of the punch then the rest is a blur. When I woke up in the hospital it was so bright and my mom was to my right and the doctor in front of me asking me how I felt. I could not explain the feelings that I had at the moment like vanity, hurt, honor and shock. I was proud of myself that I had a grasp to my beliefs about smokers and didn’t care if what they would think. For me that moment explained to me why it’s important to stick with your beliefs because you are being fake if you don’t, even that I still got beat I learned that I shouldn’t care what people think about my beliefs because only being true to your beliefs will lead you through the right path.